Symmetric Key Utilized for EasySMS Convention

Symmetric Key Utilized for EasySMS Convention Theoretical SMS (Short Message Service) is a for the most part used correspondence between the end customers. SMS is being used as a piece of our diverseâ applications. The Short Message Service (SMS) ordinarily whatever we exchange the primary setup, from time to time we used to send the some mysteryâ message like our email mystery word, pass code and bank watchword. We send SMS is in extraordinary association, our standard SMS doesn't make sure about thisâ trusted information, so the proposed show called EasySMS it will give uncommonly make sure about and guarantee the confided in information between the endâ clients. Crucial words part; Authentication, Security, Secrete Key, Mobile Phone I. Introduction Nowadays, the Short Message has transform into a champion among the most quickâ furthermore, strong correspondence on the planet to transmit theâ message from two people. The Short Message Service called SMS is a correspondence stage that sends the messageâ through an adaptable cell framework. Right when the sensitive information in our messages (SMS), it isâ extremely difficult to shield the information from theâ meddlers besides extraordinarily difficult to perceive the rootâ from the particular sender. The cell phone correspondenceâ is extraordinary experience and an amazing affirmation from among allâ human culture. The GSM is avionics course action correspondence between the twoâ portable stations called Mobile Station (MS) and the Base Handset Station (BTS) is an encryption between two feebleâ also, stream figure (A5/1 or A5/2). The approval is an oneâ sided moreover unprotected. Regardless of the extending power of PDAs with theâ approach of Advanced cell phones, a basic division of portableâ gadgets in making areas are as yet essential insignificant exertion gadgetsâ with obliged dealing with and correspondence limits. A. Research Problem Inconsistently, we used to send believed information to our crewâ individuals like mystery key, credit number moreover bank pass bookâ number. This private information from one cell telephoneâ to another through framework. While sending the dataover the framework spy can peruse the dataâ since that will be in the principal arrangement. SMS use isâ undermined with security worries, for instance, SMS exposure,â man-in-focus ambush and replay attack. SMS messages areâ transmitted as plaintext between compact customer and the SMS focus using remote framework. B. Key Contribution The above show called EasySMS is proposed toâ anticipate and secure the start to finish correspondenceâ between the customers, the show EasySMS is going toâ keep the distinctive ambush are Man-in-focus assault, Replay attack, SMS introduction and it is also messageâ trade in the midst of the affirmation procedure, lessâ calculation overhead and diminishes the information move limit. II. RELATED WORK As demonstrated by the various makers have proposed unmistakable sortsâ of methods and security to make sure about information amidâ transmiision of the message. A use of an openâ key cryptosystem for SMS in a cell phone framework hasâ been displayed, yet the security for show isn't discussed. Mutual exchange mixed using open keyâ cryptography by A structure secure extensible andâ effective SMS(SEEMS). Another show called SSMS isâ used to give the application layer structure to theâ wanted security qualities in SMS. In the midst of the transmissionâ of message to give the security to the message by utilizingâ carrier for m-portion. As a result of physical limitations of theâ cellular phones it is particularly neccesary to offer the show whichâ would make least use of benefits and would improveâ security. The proposed show called SMSSec is used to make sure about SMS correspondence between a client besides used to theâ encryption between end customers. The show SMS basedâ structure gives a low-transmission limit, strong, effectiveâ answer for therapeutic data acquistion. The shared meeting keyâ era is significantly usage correspondence and it is tooâ inadmissible for real eord application. Likewise in this proposed show EasySMS differentiated and twoâ convention called SMSSec and PK-SIM shows. _______________________________________________________________________________________ III. EXISITNG SYSTEM In Existing System, the SMS based structure gave aâ low-transmission limit, strong, successful and sagacious arrangementâ for therapeutic data acquirement. The made shared key forâ every meeting created a tremendous overhead. This structureâ neglected to prevent SMS against various ambushes. SMS messages are transmitted as plaintext between versatileâ client (MS) and the SMS center (SMSC), using remoteâ system. SMS substance are taken care of in the structures of systemâ administrators and can be perused by their work force.â An attack model portrays assorted circumstances for theâ potential results of various ambushes where a malignant MS canâ access the authentic information, or trick the fair to goodness MS. Since, the SMS is sent as plaintext, thusly systemâ administrators can without a doubt get to the substance of SMS in the midst of theâ transmission at SMSC. Fig1. Existing Architecture IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM The reason behind picked these shows for connection is thatâ these are the fundamental existing shows which dont propose toâ change the current auxiliary arranging of cell frameworks. We expected to differentiate our proposed show and someâ existing shows provided for offer start to finish SMS securityâ with symmetric key cryptography, anyway there is no suchâ convention exists. The two shows are having two phases comparableâ to the proposed show and are taking into account symmetric alsoâ as hilter kilter key cryptography while the proposed conventionâ is absolutely considering symmetric key cryptography. To overcome the above communicated attacks, distinctive figureâ calculations are realized with the proposed confirmationâ convention. We propose that the figure counts should beâ put away onto the SIM (some bit of MS) and what's more at AS. Sinceâ giving security needs to do some extra effort which isâ measured in regards to cost, therefore giving or including additionalâ security implies growing more expense. Makers propose toâ incorporate one more organization as Secure Message in the menu ofâ portable programming developed by various adaptable associations. Versatile managers can add some extra charges to send secureâ message by their customers over the frameworks. At whatever point aâ client requirements to send an ensured message to other customer, theâ proposed show specifically EasySMS is executed which makesâ accessible the symmetric shared key between both MS and afterwardâ figuring of message happens using a symmetric keyâ calculation. We propose another show named EasySMS with twoâ distinctive circumstances which offer start to finish secureâ transmission of information in the cell.â Is the Secret Key SK Safely Stored? Since the threatening clientâ does not have the foggiest idea about the structure of cryptographic limits likeâ f1() and f2(), so he/she can neither make the privilege MAC1 nor right assignment key DK1. Further, the riddle key SK isâ put away on the approval server/center and furthermore implantedâ onto the SIM at the period of amassing. Along these lines, it is very nearlyâ difficult to think the SK. The limit circumstance of SK keyâ we presented is same as nowadays used for the voiceâ correspondence in the regular cell frameworks. If someâ administration providers dont wish to use genuine SK in the conventionâ execution. The EasySMS show keeps the SMS information fromâ different ambushes including SMS attack, phone catch, SMS spam, man-in-the-inside ambush, and GSMA. This EasySMS sends lesser number of transmitted bits, produces lessâ reckoning overhead, and reduces transmission limit utilizationâ furthermore, message exchanged when appeared differently in relation to SMSSec and PK-SIM conventions. V. End The EasySMS show is usually used to plot forâ assurance of various ambushes besides offer end-to-endâ secure correspondence. Symmetric key is adequately managed by the proposedâ convention called EasySMS moreover it is correspondenceâ overhead in the midst of execution, appeared differently in relation to SMSSec and PK-SIM convention check of exchange of messages is less. VI. REFERENCES [1] H. Rongyu, Z. Guolei, C. Chaowen, X. Hui, Q. Xi,â also, Q. Zheng, A PK-SIM card based end-to-endâ security structure for SMS, Compute. Standard Interf. vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 629â€641, 2009 [2] M. Densmore, Encounters with mass SMS forâ wellbeing financing in Uganda, in Proc. ACM CHI, 2012, pp. 383â€398.â [3] D. Risi and M. Teã ³filo, MobileDeck: Turning SMS into a rich customer experience, in Proc. sixth MobiSys, no. 33, 2009.â [4] R. E. Anderson et al., Encounters with aâ transportation information system that utilizes just GPS also, SMS, in Proc. IEEE ICTD, no. 4, Dec. 2010. [5] J. L.- C. Lo, J. Clergyman, and J. H. P. Eloff, SMSSec: An start to finish show for secure SMS, Compute. Security, vol. 27, nos. 5â€6, pp. 154â€1

List of Individual Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rundown of Individual Rights - Research Paper Example The English Bill proclaims that picking the individuals from parliament ought to be unhindered. All things considered, restrains on discourses in parliamentary discussions like different bills. The English Bill of Rights is an original copy that has an incredible noteworthiness in the English history. It is likewise an extremely indispensable section of the rights to those subjects under the English Law. The bill had some disparity with US Bill of rights. The dissimilarities emerged because of the distinction during the time spent establishing and fixing the bill (Vile, 2003). Not at all like the US Bill of Rights, the English Bill of Rights could be ordered and fixed by the sculptures. The US Bill of Rights could be sanctioned and fixed by the sacred alteration. Moreover, in contrast to different Bills, which allude to the corrections in constitutions, the English one depicts the rights for the people to appeal to the King (Vile, 2003). â€Å"The US Bills of Rights 1789† In 1 989, the Congress in the US got 17 revisions of which ten were acknowledged and coordinated into the constitutions. The ten coordinated were named the Bill of Rights. The US Bills of Rights is like different bills like the English Bills of Rights. A portion of the corrections in the US particularly from change one to six have comparative components as those in the English Bill of Rights. Dissimilar to the US Bills of Rights, different bills of rights are increasingly far reaching. ... is a worldwide standard law that portrays the comprehension of the sacred privileges of people like the US and the English Bill of rights (Horvits and Catherwood, 2006). The archive by the General Assembly has a few similitudes with the other bill of rights particularly the US Bills of Rights. This is on the grounds that it was embraced dependent on the US Bills of rights. Furthermore, as different Bills of Rights it comprises of a rundown of the privileges of people from their private lives to their investment in the general public (Horvits &Catherwood, 2006). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 is not quite the same as the US Bill of Rights and the English Bill of Rights since it is appropriate comprehensively. The others are just application to the states in which they were changed however not different nations. Furthermore, it depicts the duties of the worldwide network individuals (Horvits &Catherwood, 2006). Philosophical underpinnings The makers of the legit imate framework in the nations gave people in the states the thoughts utilized in building up the state especially the individuals who are inside the Declaration of Independence and the constitution (Whitehead, 2008). In the Declaration of Independence, the words like life, self-rule, and satisfaction are extremely normal. In the Bills of Rights, joy is associated with material achievement and people are upbeat in the wake of claiming property. In the current America, people love material things and the philosophical underpinnings identified with the option to have property are found in the books composed by savants like John Locke (Whitehead, 2008). In his book, John Locke demonstrated that people relate with the Natures’ concordance. As per the thinker, God made man and man’s mind; subsequently, it is workable for man to make his brain to be in

AP English Literature Essay Samples

AP English Literature Essay SamplesWhen it comes to AP English Literature, what can you do? It's as simple as applying to the school of your choice and then deciding whether you want to enter the College of Arts and Sciences, or the College of Letters and Science. If you're going for a degree in the arts and sciences, the application process might be easier. If you want to enter the College of Letters and Science, you'll have to apply to both.AP English Literature is the most widely known examination for entry into the English major. With a Bachelor's degree, you could study creative writing or an ESL degree. If you take the necessary classes and pass the English Literature exams, you could earn your degree with the College of Letters and Science.Getting ready for the AP English Literature exam is easier if you apply online. However, if you'd rather prepare in person, then you can find a number of resources that are specifically geared towards preparing for the AP exam. You'll find a variety of different places that offer sample essays for the English Literature section.It helps to research on a number of different resources so that you can find the one that works best for you. This will save you time, money, and energy.AP English Literature samples are designed to help you prepare for the AP exam. The internet will not provide you with everything that you need to do in order to get through the test successfully. Here are a few tips to make sure that you take the time to really prepare.While doing your research, you'll discover a lot of things about AP English Literature. As well as reading reviews, reading essay samples, and reviewing AP English Literature questions, you should also check out books, blogs, and other sources of information that will help you find the best resources.Not only will you find essay samples and guidance, but you'll also find advice on strategies, too. There are a number of resources available online that will help you maximize your s core. They will also help you learn the skills that you need to succeed at the college level.

How Do Teenagers My Age Manage Their Time - 908 Words

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My First Thought Became A Drama / Theatre Arts Teacher For...

Throughout my entire life I have always enjoyed helping others. Whether it is deciphering one of the many themes within one of Shakespeare’s works for a school project or giving my personal opinion on situations that my friends may need help in. Knowing that I could do something to better a situation makes me feel like I’m needed. As I grew older, I was taught that I could help people for a living through various careers. My first thought was to become a Drama/Theatre Arts teacher for a high school. However, I did research and although I know I wouldn’t mind teaching children for a living, I wouldn’t be making nearly enough money as I would like to. So, I reconsidered. Through many ideas and thoughts, I found myself becoming very interested in the many different forms of psychology. At first I had just wanted to go into child psychology then I decided it would be best to be open to practice anything and not limit any job opportunities I may receive. 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Philip IIs Contribution to the Later Achievements of Alexander the Great Essay Example For Students

Philip IIs Contribution to the Later Achievements of Alexander the Great Essay What was Philip II s part to the ulterior accomplishments of Alexander the Great? The lives of Philip II and Alexander the Great were intertwined in legion ways. Philip II centralised ancient Macedonia. Philip II besides built an ground forces of unprecedented ability and resiliency, which conquered the Grecian peninsula and prepared the conquering of the Persian Empire that amalgamated with a Greco-Macedonia ground forces. Alexander in point of fact led the invading forces, when he conquered the great Iranian Empire. Alexander so took his ground forces to the boundary lines of modern India. Which is where Alexander created a monarchy and imperium that, despite its atomization, shaped the political cultural, and spiritual universe of the Hellenistic period. Alexander drove the engine his male parent had built, if Alexander had non done so, Philips II accomplishments might hold been short lived as plentifulness of old Macedonian swayers. Although it might be true some bookmans believed that Alexander played a function in his male parent s slaying, may be straight and indirectly, in Order to take the ocean trip to Asia that Philip II had organised ( Carney and Ogden, 2010 ) . The purpose of this essay is to analyze Philips II part to the ulterior accomplishments of Alexander the Great. The most important point is Philip had bequeathed to Alexander three important things ( Ashley, 2004, P: 7 ) .The first portion of the essay will analyze, Alexander’s nature and instruction including Aristotle, the 2nd portion will analyze the ground forces that Philip created in which subsequently Alexander inherited ( Curtis A ; Hansen, 2013, P: 156 ) . The 3rd portion and concluding analysis consists of the established fatherland ( Ashley, 2004, P: 8 ) . Alexander III of Macedon was better known as Alexander the Great, who was known to mankind for his celebrated character and great achievements ( Thomas, 2007, P: 1 ) . Alexander was the boy of Philip II and Olympia. Philip II was the male monarch of Macedonia and Olympia s was the princess of Epirus ( Stewart, 1993, p18 ) . Alexander achieved the impossible. It is deserving observing that unambiguously in 13 old ages Alexander managed to suppress the whole known universe. Alexander moulded the greatest Grecian imperium in history. Despite all of Alexander s great achievements, Alexander still lived in his male parent s shadow. Due to the argus-eyed readying and bravery actions of Philip II of Macedon, Alexander would hold small or no topographic point in history. The domination of Philip on Alexander s actions and life can be seen throughout every facet of his behavior. Alexander owes his destiny and topographic point in history to his male parent s actions and superb premeditation ( Joyer, 2012 ) . This is clear due to Philips II military reforms, for illustration the sarissa, including foot tactics, and a formidable Macedonian ground forces and non burying an first-class instruction and tutoring of his twenty-four hours. Black lovage as he entered the greater wider universe in his immature maturity commenced his instruction. Alexander s chief coach Aristotle educated Alexander in doctrine, authorities, political relations, poesy, play and the scientific disciplines ( Gunther, 2007, P: 28 ) . Aristotle was appointed by Philip, but was educated off from tribunal at Mieza and influenced Alexander s spiritual instruction ( Blackwell, 2009, P: 193 ) . Aristotle in hisHymn to Excellence ( AreTe )1used Alexander ascendants, Heracles, Achilles, as epic ethos as a manner of reenforcing the influence of his other wise mans ( Gunther, 2007, P: 28 ) . The focal point of Alexander s surveies was the rubric Iliad as a enchiridion of soldierly heroism. It is deserving observing that Alexander is said to hold learned it by bosom ( Worthington, 2012, P: 336 ) and the esteem of Achilles lasted during class of his life, because of these ancient influences and his single character, Alexander became the most magnetic, su ccessful, complicated, disputing and combative vanquisher of an ancient title-holder in Macedonia even in the fourth century. Before turning to the inquiry of the Macedonian ground forces to which the foundations could merely be constructed upon as a effect of Philip, is the inquiry of mintage, as this was an of import part to ulterior accomplishments of Alexander who was vastly effectual tactician and propagandist. Coining was quickly taken up in the booming Grecian metropolis authoritiess, merely over the Aegean Sea, though it was chiefly silver until Philip II of Macedon ( 359-336 BC ) acquired the gold and Ag mines in Thrace ( New Bulgaria ) ( Whibley, 1916, P: 546 ) . Philips boy Alexander the Great ( 336-323 BC ) conglomerated the Greek Empire with the licking of the Persian imperium, and geting it s immerse gold hoarded wealth built up by the Persians from gold beginnings on the river Oxus. It is proclaimed that Alexander the Great took over 22 metric metric tons ( 7000,000 troy ounces ) of gold coin in booty the Persians ( Sutherland, 1959 ) . For both Philip II and Alexander the Great, gold became indispensable manner of paying their ground forcess and run intoing other military disbursals ( Blackwell, 2011, p:465 ) . Under the Greek imperium, the coins were stamped with the caput of the male monarch, alternatively of king of beastss, bulls, random-access memories, that had antecedently decorated gold coin elsewhere ( Sutherland, 1959 ) . In 357 Philip captured Amphipolis ( Roisman, 2011, P: 38.3.B ) . This settlement was Athens. Philips authorization of the strategic control became the debate between Athens and Macedonia. Philip conceivably asseverated to retrace Athens, which Philip neer did. Athinais in bend stated war, which was neer pursued ( Roisman, 2011, P: 38.3.B ) . In 356 Philip captured the metropolis of Crenides in the Thrace and after adding to it district and colonists, Philip rename it Philippi ( Roisman, 2011, pg. 38.3.B ) . The proprietary of Philippi and Amphipolis permitted Philip to mine Ag and gold ore. This made Philip wealthy, in fact one of the wealthiest work forces in Greece. Philips Ag and gold coins in clip replaced Athenian coins. Another relevant point is that, Philip was a excessive Spender, when Philip was murdered Alexander found he inherited Philips debt. Philip learnt a batch from Epaminondas, by populating in near about to a great adult male, by detecting the effect of his character. Philip learned a lesson in the power of single will, of which his ulterior life was a consistent expounding. Epaminondas was a superb and forceful political dreamer than Pericles, Epaminondas far transcends the Athenian in the ruder filed of action . 2 Epaminondas won their obeisance by sheer laterality of will and their awestruck regard by consistent subordination of ego to their common good ( Hogarth, 1897, pg. 39 ) . Empinondas besides stands entirely in rational distinction . 3 Empinondas was an fervent student of doctrine, and a first category lector. Philip created a formidable ground forces. Philip besides introduced military service as a paid and lasting occupation. This manner the soldiers where better trained as they were non disrupted by crops and farming work this meant the ground forces was able to develop invariably. The ground forces was besides kept in one topographic point to be ready at all times ( Ashley, 2004, P: 14 ) . The sun also rises Essay SummaryThis was a hard essay to compose, as beginnings covering with Philip are limited ( Ashley, 2004, P: 74 ) . Depending on the manner you approach as it’s easy to concentrate excessively narrowly on the accomplishments of Alexander, without holding analysed the part of Philip. Briefly it can be said that in many of the books I have read about this subject, many of the chapters were occupied with inside informations of sentiments about Alexander the Great, and in that advancement his male parent King Philip of Macedonia was forgot. What a defect! Personally, I am inclined to believe that universe had non known Alexander the Great as Alexander ranked his ego above ordinary persons ( Rostovtzeff, 1926, P: 352 ) so Philip would non hold been talked about. On the other manus if it had non been for Philip, who laid most of the land work in which Alexander inherited, Alexander so he would non hold become Alexander the Great. Alexander reaped the benef it of his male parent s work non merely military ( the ground forces he had been trained to utilize ) , but through astute economic and diplomatic policy. Macedonia was a hapless district. The people lived in changeless war with everyone and each other. Philip took things into his ain custodies, as he had great political acuteness and nuance. Philip did this by making a professional ground forces, consolidating lodgers with armed metropoliss. Philip achieved this by corrupting with mintage and cunning his enemies. Philip turned silver and gold excavation to a profitable concern. Philip besides built roads and canals. The amalgamation of Macedonia was a really hard and drawn-out undertaking. Which paid off really good in the terminal. To return to an earlier point it is deserving observing that it was Philip who created the first land province in history ( Gabriel, 2010, P: 2 ) , Greece, by replacing the disused metropolis province system. Philips most formidable accomplishment was the peace of Corinth where Philip eventually united all his old antagonists, non burying Athens into one entity. The parts that lead to the ulterior accomp lishments of Alexander were the instruction of Aristotle, the ground forces Philip created including mintage and an established fatherland. Unfortunately for Alexander, he felt held back by his male parent and ever seem to populate in the shadow of his male parent which seem to haunted by this as his accomplishments insignificant to those of his male parent. Alexander and Philip competed with each in many ways emulation and bitterness as stated in Fredricksmeyer 1990. Even though I do non hold with every statement in diary of Alexander and Philip by Fredricksmeyer 1990. It s a absorbing portraiture of their relationship and gives first-class beginnings of mentions and happenings in their relationship. Alexander and Philip were both great in their ain right. If Philip had non created the ground forces he did, Alexander could non hold achieved what he did, yet Philip on the other manus could non hold achieved what Alexander did had he survived. Alexander was Philips true boy and inh eritor. It was Philips parts that laid the foundations for Alexander to go the adult male he was, for case, instruction, the ground forces and besieging warfare that Alexander inherited and an established fatherland. Notes 1 Hymnto AreTe:Athen. 15.696 B-D. Study oflliad:Plut:Alex8.2 ; 26.1-2 ; Plin. NH 7. 108 ; Strabo 13.1. 27. Memorizing lliad: Dio Ghrysostom 4.39. 2. Nepos,Epam. 4. 3.Id. , Epam. 3 ; Diod. , l.c. ,and 88. 4 From Arr. , three. 16, where the recruits ( pes ) from Macedonia are distributed into, ?a?ˆ . Cf. Curt. , v. 2. 6, where we are told that Alexander s chief invention at Susa were the abolishment of all local and national divisions throughout the ground forces. 6 Cf. Diod. , xvii. 63, 74 ; Curt. , seven. 5. 23 7 Army of Alexander indiary. Of linguistics,seventeen, No. 33, P: 14. 8 Tact.16 cited in Lendon 9 The happenstance of Polybius ( xvii. 12 ) with Polyaenus ( two. 29. 2 ) and the 2nd recension of the Tactica ( 15 ) puts this beyond uncertainty. Cf. besides Livy s comments on its unmanageable length ( xliv. 41 ) . The first recension of theTacticareads ?a?ˆ for ?a? , cut downing the length to fourteen or 16 pess: but either this is a manuscript mistake or rectification, or it is a reminiscence of the earliersarissa. 10ld.three. 11 ; six. 6. 11 Diod. , xvi. 8. Bibliography Ashley. J. 2004, The Macedonia Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander Great, 359-323 B.C. Blackwell. W. 2009,ALEXANDER THE GREAT: A New HISTORY. Blackwell. W. 2011,The Companion to Ancient Macedonia: Edited by JOSEPH ROISMAN AND IAN WORTHINGTON. Carney. E and Ogden. D. 2010,Philip II and Alexander theGreat: Fatherand Son, Lives and Afterlives ( Oxford university imperativeness ) . Curtis. K. A ; Hansen. V. 2013,Ocean trips in World History Curt. 4.6.29 ; 9.3.19 ; Arr.5.28.3 ; 7.14.4 ; Plut.Alex. 15.8-9 ; 62.5 ; 72.3 ; Diod.17.97.3 ; Ael. VH 7.8 Ameling 1988. Edmunds 1971: 363-91 ; King 1987: 1-45 ; Fredricksmeyer 1990: 304-6 ; Ameling 1988: 658-60 ; Stewart 1993:81 ; Huttner 1997: passim. Fredricksmeyer, E. A. 1990. Alexander and Philip: Emulation and Resentment. CJ 85: 300-15. Gabriel. R. 2010,Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander. Gunther. J. 2007,ALEXANDER THE GREAT. Joyer. B. 2012, Alexander: Living inside the shadow. Available at web logs @ Redobit.com posted in Bens Den ( accessed March 2015 ) . Lendon. J. E, 2006,Soldiers A ; Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity. Rostovtzeff. M. 1926,A History of the Ancient universe: The Orient and Greece. Roisman. J. 2011,Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander:The Evidence. Roisman. J. A ; Worthington. I. 2011,A comrade to Ancient Macedonia. Stewart. A. 1993,Faces of Power: Black lovage s image and Hellenic political relations. Sutherland. C.H.V. 1959, Gold its Beauty and Power and Allure Board portrayal of entreaty of gold over last 5000 old ages, Thames and Hudson London. Available at: info.goldavenue.com Accessed March 2015. Thomas. G. 2007,Alexander The Great in His World. Whibley. L. 2016, Acomrade to Greek surveies, Cambridge university imperativeness. Worthington. I. 2012,ALEXANDER THE GREAT ( A READER ) . Worthington. I. 2014, By The Spear:Alexander the Great, and the rise and autumn of the Macedonian Empire.

Politics Essays (506 words) - Anthropology, , Term Papers

Politics "The many of whom none is individually an excellent man, nevertheless can when joined together be better-not as individuals but all together-than those [who are the best], just as dinners contributed [by many] can be better than those equipped from a single expenditure." (Page 101) When it came to ruling the city, Plato believed that the best ruler would be the philosopher. That person who know what would be best for the citizens and the city as a whole. He did not trust the masses. He did not think they were capable of deciding what was best for themselves. Aristotle does not agree with Plato on this subject. He believes that when it comes to judging what is best for the city, it is better for many to decide than few. Plato believed the person that makes the decisions for the city should be educated on that matter. He believed that educating many people was impossible so in order for a city to be good, the most educated persons, such as philosophers, should rule the city. Aristotle believes that even if the masses cannot be educated or virtuous decisions made by many would be moderate. He believed that by having many people, it would rule out bad decisions. It is more likely for the many to be virtuous than the many to be beasts. He believes that is easier for a few to become corrupted than many. With only a few ruling, they could make bad decisions because something like anger or some other passion. It is hard for the many to experience this all at one time. Plato believes that the person ruling should be well educated. This person would make the best decisions for the city. What happens if the many want something that isn't best for the city? This is one of the greatest dangers in democracy. What if the many are to blinded by self-interest as individuals to realize that what they want isn't best for the city? In the US, few of us are well educated on music, but many of us judge it. I believe that sometimes that is the risk you have to take in a democracy. It is better to have many involved in judging than a few. People are going to want to decide what is best for themselves. It is human nature. In both Plato and Aristotle's cities, the citizens are educated to be virtuous. Their cities are built around the idea that the citizens are harmonious and educated. I believe that they should be given a voice. They should be trusted to decide what is best. I agree with Aristotle on the idea that many will produce a moderate decision. A city is based around the citizens. The type of place they live in is up to them, not to some higher authority. A city is not a city without citizens. If they want something that is not good for the city, than it should be their decision. They will deal with the problem when it arises. They will be must happier dealing with decision that is made by the majority of them instead of one person who is making the decisions.

buy custom Post Cold War essay

buy custom Post Cold War essay After the cold war, the United Nations peacekeeping practices have undergone many changes. During the cold war the deployments usually operated under the ideology of unbiased, non-forcible intervention with the permission of the conflicting parties. As a result, the United Nations principles have been under -increased strain with the United Nations performance coming under severe criticism. The United Nations has been seen to act to gain credibility rather than address the needs in the world. For example the United Nations assisted in fewer activities in the Bosnian war and also over involved itself with Somalia. The concern coming from peacekeeping, which arose from the experience in Somalia, has been under review, favoring new methods that try to find a stronger approach with a greater capacity for peace building (Voeten, 2005). After the cold war the first mission unequivocally labeled as a peacekeeping mission was the UN Emergency Force (UNEFI). This mission was sent to the Sinai Peninsula in rejoinder to the 1956 Suez Crisis to foresee the withdrawal of the British and Israeli forces from the Egyptian territory. As the first armed force to the UN, UNEFI was an important example for other UN missions in the future. The first mission also served as a case study for armed and neutral forces working to restrain conflict. The mission was successful in its objectives since it led to establishment of asset of principles which have served as important guidelines for future missions (Frieden, 2009). The principles derived were as follows The mission should have assent by the parties to the dispute. Avoiding the use of force except for cases of self defense; The force should comprise of intentional assistance of contingents from small, non-partisan countries. The united nation should be impartial The peacekeeping operations must be controlled by the Secretary General. During the Cold War, 13 peacekeeping operations were created. The missions one and only function was to keep an eye on borders and establish buffer zones after cease-fires agreements. From late 1980s to 1994, the peacekeeping missions undertaken worldwide dramatically increased. At the commencement of 1988, there were only five operations which were actively involved in the field, that is three in the Middle East, the Kashmir mission, and the UN Peacekeeping Force located in Cyprus (UNFICYP) (Voeten, 2005). This noteworthy increase in the number of the peacekeeping operations was accompanied by essential changes in their nature and in their composition. The single function that was associated with the UN traditional operations evolved into a variety of tasks as the variety of tasks increased, the composition of peacekeeping operations after the cold war became diverse and complex with peacekeepers being drawn from wider varieties of occupation (that is the military, civilian police and diplomats), nations and cultures. Modern peacekeeping can be fittingly characterized as bilateral, multidimensional, global and multicultural. All deployments after 1988 are redefined under new military doctrines which sought to explain the principles under which they operate. The missions after 1988 are referred to as multidimensional operations due to their wide variety of activities. As peacekeeping activities diversified notably in recent past as they strove to adapt to the new tasks and various challenges, the context and environment in which the missions are deployed have also bcome complex. Even though various exceptions such as ONUC in DRC Congo and UNIFIL in Lebanon, the peacekeeping operations created before the 1990s operated in permissive environments only where they had the permission and support of host governments (Voeten, 2005). In the 1990s, various missions have been deployed to solve internal wars or provide humanitarian assistance in complex political emergencies. In such situations the UN is forced to work under the conditions of lawlessness and violence, where militias act autonomously. In such cases the UN agencies are often opposed and confronted by the militia. This occurred as a result the United Nations principles of neutrality and the unifying role .This failure to stop loss of human lifes greatly affected the credibility of the United Nations with fewer countries willing to work with the united nations in future since they were viewed as inferior and could not contain major crisis arising. In the Somalia war the United Nations wanted to restore its lost name hence resulted to massive force. This resulted to loss of the war since the military operation was guided by sinister motives (Frieden, 2009). The United Nations has been blamed for selective involvement in various wars and only works when there is global pressure to see the United Nations prove its might in conflict resolution and peacekeeping. This has further been coupled by damning criticism that the United Nations was an institution being used by the western world to spread neocolonialism. However the United Nations remains the only organization capable of providing humanitarian aid as well as military activities in the whole world. There in the current past has been the development of the doctrines to ensure that the military involvement in humanitarian assistance was boosted. The United Nations aim is to avoid failure in protecting civilians as seen in Bosnia and Rwanda and to ensure adequate self-defense measures for peacekeeping forces and UN staff .The United Nations supporting nations resolved not to send their personnel to missions where they are inadequately equipped to handle (Voeten, 2005). Why UN was involved in some occasions not others. There have been substantial changes both in the practice and concept of United Nation (UN) peacekeeping since the end of the Cold War. Deployment during the cold war for example was based on the principles of impartial, non-forcible intervention. There had to be consent from the conflicting parties. There also had to the precondition of an agreed peace. After the cold war however, the peace keeping missions have been carried out on the context of internal wars (Sambanis, 2004). This change in tactic has subjected the UNs performance in the latest missions to severe criticism. The big question is why it would it do so little in countries like Bosnia and Darfur and so much in other countries. Why is it that some interventions are too little too late, poorly resourced, poorly executed and misconceived like in Somalia, Rwanda and Bosnia. Although such criticisms have lead to an overhaul in the UN peace keeping operations, this section seeks to establish why the UN was involved in some peace keeping operations and not others. Why we there delayed involvement in some peace keeping missions and not in others. It also seeks to point out clearly whether there are limitations as far as UN military interventions mechanisms are concerned. The overhaul of the UNs approach to peace keeping and peace keeping has made its structure to allow very little room for effective military intervention. Partly, this is because the UN does not support quick and decisive action. There are always varying innstitutional structures that do get in the way. The Security Councils permanent members for example can do undermine intervention. In addition to that, intervention is always politically costly, thus the actors especially the Veto powers have an incentive to avoid it (Bannon, 2006). A new lens through which peace keeping is viewed has also been conceived in the condos of UNs intervention strategies. This is the concept of called Responsibility to Protect. It asserts that the international community has the obligation to intervene in a state if and only if the state clearly fails to protect its citizens from mass atrocities and also when the peaceful measures are not working (Voeten, 2005). The first intervention would be in a diplomatic manner, then more coercively, and as a last resort into using military force. It is within this lens that the UN reacts to any conflict or not. It is a sort of selection bias in terms of cases that have a high number of deaths or that are ethnic or religious. The challenge is how to determine the exact point when a state has failed to protect its citizens. This explains why the UN has not reacted towards many conflicts or why it has delayed too many conflicts. This contravenes the concept of the right to intervene. Lastly, the reason why the UN does not respond to other conflicts is inadequacy of troops. The major western economies should consider contributing more troops to UN peacekeeping missions in such situations (Frieden, 2009). How they changed after that period external and Internal The mandate of peacekeeping shifted dramatically after the cold war. After the cold war the mandates and range of activities for peacekeepers expanded exponentially. The peacekeepers today help promote human rights, build government institutions, set up local police forces, and disarm former combatants. Before then, their role was limited to maintaining ceasefires and stabilizing violence in order to make diplomatic solutions more reachable. The UN peacekeeping shifted dramatically from inter-state conflicts to intra-state conflicts and civil wars in the 1990s. This is because of the ever present internal struggle for power over territorial control in many of the warring countries (Regan, 2000). Besides, under the various security systems, when disputes arise between two nations, the concerned parties are required to first seek an amicable solution by peaceful means. This is according to Chapter VI of the UN Charter on peace keeping. The peace is to be sought mainly by squaring off, concession, mediation, peaceful settlement or resort to regional agencies. The 7th chapter of the UN Charter comes into action if the peaceful means fall short and the dispute continues into an armed conflict. This chapter asserts that in the case of a menace to the peace, violation of the peace or an act of belligerence the Security Council may take relevant measures to restore peace. These measures are for all intents and purposes complete or partial economic sanctions, separation of diplomatic relations and arms embargoes (The United Nations Charter, 1945). Conclusion As there are chances that the UN is more likely to send a peacekeeping mission to a smaller and richer country, there are also chances that it is more likely to intervene in a longer and bloodier war. A selection bias would be important because in all the cases there is public outcry and international pressure for the United Nations to get involved in ending a civil war. If the UN intervention has no effect on post-conflict recovery and democratization, then the energy, money, and political resources needed to enact a UN peacekeeping mission would be better not spent. Buy custom Post Cold War essay

An Analysis of Martin Fishbeins Theory of Reasoned Action

Later on behavior appeared not to be 100% voluntary and under control, this resulted in the addition of perceived behavioral control. † Gordon Allport formulated a definition that â€Å"attitudes are learned predispositions to respond to an object or class of objects in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way. † In other words, an attitude is a person’s overall evaluation of a concept. The theory of reasoned action, stated by Ajzen and Fishbein, suggests that if a person intends to carry out a behavior, it is likely that they will do so. Attitudes are always weighted by evaluations of a person’s beliefs. Another example, which highlights peoples beliefs, relates to sports; Sports may be good for one’s health, Sports may be time consuming, Sports may be a strain and uncomfortable. All of these beliefs are weighted. Henry Assael (1983) agreed with the theories and stated how these ‘attitudes’ can be used to predict consumer behavior. The marketing strategy looks at predicting consumer behavior, and attitudes are key in order for a firm to help predict consumer’s behavior. This therefore gives the firm a competitive advantage over their rivals. Thus, Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory is very feasible and can be applied to everyday life. The idea however, was rejected by Sheppard et al. (1988), who made several limiting conditions that proved the idea was false. The distinction was made between a goal intention and a behavioral intention. Goal intentions would look into the long term, for example, getting into the rugby team. A behavior would be attending training. Sheppard also looked at the availability of alternatives and opportunity cost. Choice had an impact on the TRA theory, as it may alter the performance of a certain behavior. Finally he stated that there are times when there is a significant different between what a person intends to do, and what he/she is expected to do. Subjective norm does not account for individual differences. Some people may choose not to consult parents or friends about their decision to carry out a behavior. There are numerous individuals who will feel more comfortable making decisions without their family or peer group, and there are also people who may find it impossible to make a decision about ‘giving up alcohol’ without discussing it with others. Subjective norm therefore may not be as feasible as evaluation of outcome. This process requires the individual to make his/her own assumptions and attitudes about the behavior, and this process is nearly almost carried about by everyone. Not all parts of the theory are essential in the process one makes to carry out a behavior. The ‘Belief in strength of outcome’ and ‘evaluation of outcome’ are the two most important aspects. In the conscious mind, these are the two significant processes that usually occur. People, who are considering drinking alcohol on a night out, will only usually consider the pros and cons of that decision. It is rare for individuals to take matters even further and consult friends or parents about the matter. Subjective norm therefore is usually canceled out in low involving decisions like drinking alcohol. ‘Intention’ may also play a limiting role in the decision to drink alcohol. Behavioral upbringing may have a contributing effect, however the decision usually relates to the situation in which that person is, for example, on a night out, or having dinner at home. The person may be more inclined to drink alcohol on a night out, and may choose to have a soft drink with dinner. Individuals usually take into consideration the time and place, and don’t depend as much on the norms of their upbringing. Hale et al. (2003), backs up this idea, that the TRA excludes a wide range of behaviors such as spontaneity, cravings and habits, and states that â€Å"engaging in these behaviors might not involve a conscious decision on the part of the actor. † To conclude, the theory lacks external reliability, as some behaviors are not used to produce an outcome. However Fishbein and Ajzen created a theory, which can be applied to purchasing behavior of consumers, and thus can be applied to everyday life. 2. Do you think that consumers approach the purchase of products in the seemingly reasoned way outlined above? Give examples to illustrate your thoughts. Many consumers will use the processes outline by Fishbein and Ajzen when purchasing a high involvement product that takes careful thought. However consumers will sometimes use impulse buying for the purchase of products. â€Å"Impulse buying: Spur of the moment, unplanned decision to buy, made just before a purchase. Research findings suggest that emotions and feelings play a decisive role in purchasing, triggered by seeing the product or upon exposure to a well-crafted promotional message. † Impulse buying therefore cancels out behaviors such as evaluation of outcome and subjective norm. A second reason why this theory does not account for all consumer purchases, relates to operant conditioning. This method of learning occurs through rewards and punishments for a certain behavior. Through this process, an association is created between the behavior and a consequence of it. For example; if a chocolate bar goes on offer and has a discount of 50%, a consumer is more than likely to purchase this item. Once a positive association is created with the chocolate, the consumer will more than likely purchase it again. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences (1953). Classical conditioning, which was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, suggested that it’s a learning process, which occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus, is something, which triggers a response. In Pavlov’s experiments, his dogs smelt food and the result was salivation. This then produced an unconditioned response, which is an unlearnt response to the unconditioned stimulus. The smell of food would either produce salivation or the feeling of being hungry.

What is Federalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Federalism - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that these great United States were founded on the idealism and dreams of a people who dreamed of a federal society governed by the rules of freedom and democracy. The present research has identified that we live in times when the sacrifices of our forefathers helped to shape the nation that has nurtured and protected our forebears and will hopefully, also be called home by our successors. Yet for all the dreams and aspirations that we have as a nation, for all the history that helped to create the United States of America, we know very little about the federal form of government that governs our existence. The author has rightly presented that we acknowledge the fact that our country has been run under a federal system of government for over 200 years. It is a system of governance that works for the American people because it has its basis deeply rooted within our lawful constitution and has continued to evolve with the changing times that our country goes through. Yet it is highly doubtful that the average American will know what federalism is all about and how it functions in terms of governance of our country. It was Roche who explained that â€Å"federal ­ism refers to the division of au ­thority and function between and among the national government and the various state governments. But it has come to possess a wider meaning in American political his ­tory†.

Interdependence of subject matter and method in social studies Essay

Interdependence of subject matter and method in social studies - Essay Example The link between the content and the method in Social Studies is vital in ensuring that the goals of teaching are achieved (Thornton, 2005). Through the method, the educators can manipulate the curriculum which is the content. This, therefore, involves planning that confines the educators to the selected content not outside what had been planned (Thornton, 2005). A good example in a Social Studies class is the educator focusing on the role of technology in the society using the role play method. This confines the educator to the selected content as well as the method selected. Social Studies, as indicated by Thornton (2005), involves connection between the content and the personal experience. In this case, methodology of teaching and the content have to be interrelated if the learners have to attain personal fulfilment. Zevin (2013) says that this will also ensure that the learners engage in the activities in the learning process. For instance a study of the culture of the Asians will need content on the Asians lifestyle and method of teaching that will create interest in the

The Fragility of Freedom Gadamerian :: Gadamer Freedom Essays

The Fragility of Freedom Gadamerian ABSTRACT: This paper examines the nature of freedom in Hang-Georg Gadamer’s hermeneutics. It focuses on the last section of Wahrheit und Methode advancing the hypothesis that Gadamer’s model of understanding is derived from his particular appropriation of the Platonic notion of the beautiful which poses a passive interpretative posture toward the object of understanding and deprives the activity of interpretation the essential creative quality of freedom. I argue that to the extent that the object of understanding presents itself as immediate revelation of truth, the interpreting subject is reduced to a mere acknowledger of truth as opposed to a creative producer. Opponents of teleological ontology and of philosophy of history have been attracted to hermeneutics as a more congenial perspective for the exploration of such issues as truth and right, knowledge and action, necessity and freedom. The appealing claim of hermeneutics is that universality need not be and should not be absolute as an ultimate end of a process of actualisation. In the view of hermeneutics, a determinate universal converts freedom to necessity however much consciousness may mediate activity. That is, even though activity engenders change, consciousness is more an expression of necessity in relation to the absolute than an expression of freedom. Indeed, in this view, teleological mediation between freedom and necessity is no reconciliation but rather a subsumption of freedom by necessity. To rehabilitate freedom, hermeneutics opts for a non-teleological history with an open, indeterminate future. The departure from teleology finds a new non-essentialist ground for truth a nd universality, namely, mutual understanding. In this paper, I examine Gadamer’s notion of mutual understanding, fusion of horizons, to assess the place reserved for freedom. I focus on Gadamer’s appropriation of the Platonic notion of the beautiful as the model of understanding and I argue that such a notion of understanding poses a passive interpretive posture toward the object of understanding, i.e. tradition or contemporary alien culture. In this model of understanding, I shall argue, the latter presents itself as immediate revelation of truth and thereby deprives interpretation of the productive quality which Gadamer would like to attribute it. I begin by providing some theoretical background to Gadamer’s notion of understanding noting its debt to Heidegger’s phenomenological ontology. I then proceed to examine Gadamer’s appeal to the Platonic dialectic of the beautiful as a model for understanding which highlights, to my mind and as I noted, the latent passivity of Gadamerian interpretati on.

The Problem And Proposed Solutions

The Digital Divide debate encompasses issues that are of social, economic and political import. Meaning to say, the issues regarding the digital divide, as a phenomenon and as a current concern that needs to be addressed, is not merely limited to the issue of the existing disparity in terms of access to technology which transverses different sectors of society. This paper attempts to explicate the digital divide, the debate and the foundational issues concerning the phenomenon/problem.In line with the main task of this paper is the identification of the two most important obstacles that need to be overcome and the two important things that the government needs to create in dealing with the digital divide. In meeting the demands of a global economy, technological advancements especially in the field of telecommunications and information technology are key factors in making possible various transactions faster, cheaper, more reliable and convenient. Needless to say, these technological advances are important tools if companies and other business ventures are to survive in the digital economy.These technological advancements however, are evolving far too fast which consequently generate pressing problems that ought to be considered. On a preliminary note, the aforementioned rapid technological evolution poses serious questions if our societal structures can rapidly adapt to these changes and more importantly, if we, ourselves can rapidly adapt and be able to integrate for ourselves these changes. A good example is the Internet and the online community and it is to this topic that we shall now turn.A fuller understanding of the digital divide phenomenon necessitates an understanding of its underpinnings. As Pippa Norris contends, â€Å"the digital divide is understood as a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing three distinct aspects† (Norris). These three distinct aspects according to Norris are the global divide, social divide and democratic divide, resp ectively. Norris elucidates further, â€Å"The global divide refers to divergence of Internet access between industrialized and developing societies.The social divide concerns the gap between the information rich and poor in each nation. And lastly, within the online community, the democratic divide signifies the difference between those who do, and do not, use the panoply of digital resources to engage, mobilize and participate in public life† (Norris). One may thus infer that these three aspects related to the issue of ‘access’ to the Internet involve not mere social, but also economic and political considerations.In an article entitled, What is the Digital Divide, Harouna Ba makes a similar point as Norris. Ba writes, â€Å"lack of access to networked technology will result in a substantial segment of society having neither the skills nor the means to participate in the progressively more knowledge-based U. S. economy† (Ba). As Ba contends, there is a f elt need to address the issue of access along with the social, economic and political considerations that it entails. At this point, the emphasis is on what Norris calls disadvantaged communities.As mentioned earlier, these communities lack not merely access but also and more importantly, the necessary skills and the means to participate in the digital world. Ba identifies a number of obstacles in dealing with the digital divide phenomenon/problem. But, as I reckon it, in relation to the issue of access, the two most important obstacles in dealing with the digital divide are the issues of the disadvantaged communities’ not having the skills that are necessary and their lack of the means that are necessary.These two are barriers to technological access. One may thus infer that the issue of access only becomes a legitimate issue because of these two obstacles. Again, it is not merely a matter of providing the communities with a greater access to computers and the Internet by lo wering the cost of the hardware and software that hardware and software companies manufacture and sell in the market nor is it merely a matter of increasing the ratio of computers to students in our schools and other institutions of learning.This will not solve the digital divide. The solution to the problem lies on our capability to the address the needs of the disadvantaged communities. There is a need for intervention, so to speak. The government has a significant role in addressing these needs. However, the government’s intervention will not suffice. There is a need for a multi-sectoral cooperation in addressing the needs of disadvantaged communities. A crucial question comes into the scenario. What needs to be done?As Ba sees it, what is needed is to develop community-based technology programs that will support the needs of disadvantaged communities. Ba writes, â€Å"Community technology access models are often grounded on community needs and encompass multiple goals to strengthen neighborhoods, educate youth, promote economic development, connect individuals to the social and economic life of the community, and increase participation in civil society† (Ba). It is of utmost importance that we first assess the needs of the community so that we may provide the appropriate solutions.Furthermore, it is important that technology programs be based on the needs of disadvantaged communities so that these communities themselves may have the opportunity to identify and thereby, integrate what the vital functions of technology are to them and the opportunities that it can provide for them. Such an integration entails that a disadvantaged community sees the relevance of technology in their lives. It may thus be inferred that for Ba, the digital divide may be addressed by people empowerment.Our concerted efforts must be directed to empowering the disadvantaged sectors of society. How can this be done? People empowerment is made possible through community education. As Ba contends, there is a lot of work to be done especially in â€Å"the areas of learning and teaching with and/or about advanced technologies in informal settings for under-served communities† (Ba). This is one of the main reason why government initiatives and interventions in the past only had a limited success in dealing with the digital divide phenomenon.There indeed are initiatives and interventions but they do not address the problem. They miss the point, so to speak. As Ba notes, state governments attempt to address the digital divide via two government agencies; the Public Utility Commission (PUC) and the Department of Education. The PUC by appealing to telecommunication companies and the likes for universal service and the Department of Education by making provisions for computers in school for those students that do not have access to a computer and the Internet at home.These attempts miss the point because they have been made on the unfounded assumpti on that the digital divide issue is merely an issue of ‘access’ and thus, can be solved by making computers and the Internet more accessible to individuals. But what can these initiatives and interventions accomplish if in the first place, the problem is that individuals from disadvantaged sectors of society lack the necessary skills and the means to be able to access and thereby, utilize technology? The plain truth of the matter is that technology evolves much faster than society can adapt to it.Furthermore, why limit the provisions with the students? Why not youth in general? Why exclude out-of-school youth? This merely shows that the limited success of state initiatives and interventions may be explained by the fact that their assumption is unfounded and that their digital divide programs are not grounded on community needs and thus, ineffective. The digital divide phenomenon/problem is not merely a problem of access. The preceding discussion makes it clear that it i s not a mere matter of identifying â€Å"the have from the have not†.Even this distinction is grounded on further distinctions in terms of the social, economic and the political. These further distinctions albeit different from each other, are very closely interrelated that they all affect changes in the others. Human society is complex. It is not simply a social system. It is also a political system and every political system is also an economic system. The human mind too is complex. There are countless possibilities in terms of scientific and technological advancements. Science and technology evolves too fast.In contrast to science and technology, our societal structures and institutions do not. They do not because there are many other significant things to consider. Perhaps, this is the predicament of our time. Works Cited Ba, Harouna. â€Å"What Is Digital Divide†. August 20 2007. . Norris, Pippa. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Inter net Worldwide (Communication, Society and Politics). Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Jokes About Engineers and Engineering

Browse this collection of engineering jokes, engineering riddles, and other engineer humor. Definition of an Engineer What is the definition of an engineer? Answer: Someone who solves a problem you didnt know you had, in a way you dont understand. Scientist Versus Engineer A scientist can discover a new star, but he cannot make one. He would have to ask an engineer to do that.— Gordon L. Glegg, British Engineer, 1969. Engineers and Glasses The optimist sees the glass as half full. The pessimist sees the glass as half empty. The engineer sees the glass as twice as big as it needs to be. Engineers: Wife or Mistress? An architect, artist, and engineer were discussing whether it was better to spend time with their wives or mistresses. The architect said, I like spending time with my wife building a firm foundation of a marriage. The artist said, I enjoy the time I spend with my mistress because of all the passion and energy. The engineer said I enjoy both. If you have a wife and a mistress, both women think you are with the other so you can go to work get more done. Engineering Joke A girl asked her boyfriend, an engineer, Dont you want to see where I was operated upon for appendicitis?The engineer replied, Oh, I hate to see a hospital. It Takes One to Know One Engineer and Mathematician (males) were given the opportunity to compete for a very attractive woman. But there was one condition: You can only run half the remaining distance between you and the lady. Eng. sprinted forward while Math. didnt. Why arent you running? Asked members of the Committee. Because, by definition, I will never be allowed to reach my target. And you Eng. why are you running? Dont you know the same? Yes, said Eng. my learned friend is correct. But I will get close enough for all practical purposes. Engineer Priorities An engineering major sees classmate riding up on a new bike and asks when he got it. I was walking back from the computer lab when the most beautiful woman I had ever seen rode up on this bike, stopped, took all her clothes off and said to me Take what you want! Good choice, the friend replies. The clothes probably wouldnt have fit you. EE Humor I keep trying to find a phone number in Atlanta, but all the websites keep returning Not Found errors. (Explanation: The area code for Atlanta is 404 as in HTTP 404, the error code for File Not Found) Engineering Degree Joke A graduate with a Science degree asks, Why does it work? A graduate with an Engineering degree asks, How does it work? A graduate with an Accounting degree asks, How much will it cost? A graduate with a Liberal Arts degree asks, Would you like an apple pie with that? Mechanical Engineers, Civil Engineers and Chemical Engineers What is the difference between Mechanical Engineers and Civil Engineers? Mechanical Engineers build weapons; Civil Engineers build targets. Chemical Engineers are engineers that build targets that explode really well.