My First Thought Became A Drama / Theatre Arts Teacher For...

Throughout my entire life I have always enjoyed helping others. Whether it is deciphering one of the many themes within one of Shakespeare’s works for a school project or giving my personal opinion on situations that my friends may need help in. Knowing that I could do something to better a situation makes me feel like I’m needed. As I grew older, I was taught that I could help people for a living through various careers. My first thought was to become a Drama/Theatre Arts teacher for a high school. However, I did research and although I know I wouldn’t mind teaching children for a living, I wouldn’t be making nearly enough money as I would like to. So, I reconsidered. Through many ideas and thoughts, I found myself becoming very interested in the many different forms of psychology. At first I had just wanted to go into child psychology then I decided it would be best to be open to practice anything and not limit any job opportunities I may receive. I find it fascinating that someone could tell how someone is feeling or could simply talk to a person and understand what that person needs to do to cure their depression or to help with anxiety or anything of that nature. My freshman year I absolutely fell in love with theatre. Working in the entertainment industry or on Broadway living in a small apartment located in New York City with a cat was my life goal. I was set on doing that for about 2 years. When I finally sat down and looked at everything realistically, my dream was,Show MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : My School1278 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I was in sixth grade, my school had no sports, clubs, or electives. All we did was go to class, go to lunch, and go home. This routine was boring to many of the middle schoolers who were looking for ways to exert their energy. Eventually no one was looking forward to school and we all just wanted to go home, creating a lack of focus in class that affected all of our grades. 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At this point in my life, I simply feel that such questions are too restrictive. Why is society fixated on categorizing everyone into neat little groups? I thought that college was meant to be a process of self-discovery, rather than a mere obstacle onRead More Romeo and Juliet: Effects of Censorship2175 Words   |  9 Pagesand Juliet has always been one of Shakespeares most popular plays (Bryant xxiii) This play, like Shakespeares other works, is a tribute to his discernment of the human soul (Lipson and Lipson 1). The Elizabethan people of that time saw in the drama a reflection of their own life and experience. It’s appearance, then, was human rather than analytical or educational. Romeo and Juliet is one of the worlds greatest plays because Romeo and Juliet are what Shakespeare has made them Lipson and LipsonRead MoreAugust Wilson3685 Words   |  15 Pagesawards and recognition? What has he done to merit them? What makes this man important enough to do a research paper on? Why not Langston Hughes or Martin Luther King, Jr.? What makes this man matter in this society? As I continued my research I realized that, throughout my entire life, I had been depriv ed of knowing about such a man as August Wilson. I realized he stands for what Martin Luther King, Jr. stands for. He writes in the ways of Imamu Amiri Baraka, Langston Hughes, and Ralph Ellison. ThroughRead MoreFacilitating Learning and Assessment in Practice3273 Words   |  14 Pagessecrets that will be revealed within their pages, the additions to my vocabulary I will collect as souvenirs, and the new avenues that will be excavated in the realm of my mind. Beginning as early as I can remember, books were read to me by my mother, my father and my sisters. The thrill of an outing to the public library while growing up in rural Wisconsin was every bit as exciting as a trip to the carnival or the circus because, as my earliest discoveries conveyed, books could take me any place. 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Philip IIs Contribution to the Later Achievements of Alexander the Great Essay Example For Students

Philip IIs Contribution to the Later Achievements of Alexander the Great Essay What was Philip II s part to the ulterior accomplishments of Alexander the Great? The lives of Philip II and Alexander the Great were intertwined in legion ways. Philip II centralised ancient Macedonia. Philip II besides built an ground forces of unprecedented ability and resiliency, which conquered the Grecian peninsula and prepared the conquering of the Persian Empire that amalgamated with a Greco-Macedonia ground forces. Alexander in point of fact led the invading forces, when he conquered the great Iranian Empire. Alexander so took his ground forces to the boundary lines of modern India. Which is where Alexander created a monarchy and imperium that, despite its atomization, shaped the political cultural, and spiritual universe of the Hellenistic period. Alexander drove the engine his male parent had built, if Alexander had non done so, Philips II accomplishments might hold been short lived as plentifulness of old Macedonian swayers. Although it might be true some bookmans believed that Alexander played a function in his male parent s slaying, may be straight and indirectly, in Order to take the ocean trip to Asia that Philip II had organised ( Carney and Ogden, 2010 ) . The purpose of this essay is to analyze Philips II part to the ulterior accomplishments of Alexander the Great. The most important point is Philip had bequeathed to Alexander three important things ( Ashley, 2004, P: 7 ) .The first portion of the essay will analyze, Alexander’s nature and instruction including Aristotle, the 2nd portion will analyze the ground forces that Philip created in which subsequently Alexander inherited ( Curtis A ; Hansen, 2013, P: 156 ) . The 3rd portion and concluding analysis consists of the established fatherland ( Ashley, 2004, P: 8 ) . Alexander III of Macedon was better known as Alexander the Great, who was known to mankind for his celebrated character and great achievements ( Thomas, 2007, P: 1 ) . Alexander was the boy of Philip II and Olympia. Philip II was the male monarch of Macedonia and Olympia s was the princess of Epirus ( Stewart, 1993, p18 ) . Alexander achieved the impossible. It is deserving observing that unambiguously in 13 old ages Alexander managed to suppress the whole known universe. Alexander moulded the greatest Grecian imperium in history. Despite all of Alexander s great achievements, Alexander still lived in his male parent s shadow. Due to the argus-eyed readying and bravery actions of Philip II of Macedon, Alexander would hold small or no topographic point in history. The domination of Philip on Alexander s actions and life can be seen throughout every facet of his behavior. Alexander owes his destiny and topographic point in history to his male parent s actions and superb premeditation ( Joyer, 2012 ) . This is clear due to Philips II military reforms, for illustration the sarissa, including foot tactics, and a formidable Macedonian ground forces and non burying an first-class instruction and tutoring of his twenty-four hours. Black lovage as he entered the greater wider universe in his immature maturity commenced his instruction. Alexander s chief coach Aristotle educated Alexander in doctrine, authorities, political relations, poesy, play and the scientific disciplines ( Gunther, 2007, P: 28 ) . Aristotle was appointed by Philip, but was educated off from tribunal at Mieza and influenced Alexander s spiritual instruction ( Blackwell, 2009, P: 193 ) . Aristotle in hisHymn to Excellence ( AreTe )1used Alexander ascendants, Heracles, Achilles, as epic ethos as a manner of reenforcing the influence of his other wise mans ( Gunther, 2007, P: 28 ) . The focal point of Alexander s surveies was the rubric Iliad as a enchiridion of soldierly heroism. It is deserving observing that Alexander is said to hold learned it by bosom ( Worthington, 2012, P: 336 ) and the esteem of Achilles lasted during class of his life, because of these ancient influences and his single character, Alexander became the most magnetic, su ccessful, complicated, disputing and combative vanquisher of an ancient title-holder in Macedonia even in the fourth century. Before turning to the inquiry of the Macedonian ground forces to which the foundations could merely be constructed upon as a effect of Philip, is the inquiry of mintage, as this was an of import part to ulterior accomplishments of Alexander who was vastly effectual tactician and propagandist. Coining was quickly taken up in the booming Grecian metropolis authoritiess, merely over the Aegean Sea, though it was chiefly silver until Philip II of Macedon ( 359-336 BC ) acquired the gold and Ag mines in Thrace ( New Bulgaria ) ( Whibley, 1916, P: 546 ) . Philips boy Alexander the Great ( 336-323 BC ) conglomerated the Greek Empire with the licking of the Persian imperium, and geting it s immerse gold hoarded wealth built up by the Persians from gold beginnings on the river Oxus. It is proclaimed that Alexander the Great took over 22 metric metric tons ( 7000,000 troy ounces ) of gold coin in booty the Persians ( Sutherland, 1959 ) . For both Philip II and Alexander the Great, gold became indispensable manner of paying their ground forcess and run intoing other military disbursals ( Blackwell, 2011, p:465 ) . Under the Greek imperium, the coins were stamped with the caput of the male monarch, alternatively of king of beastss, bulls, random-access memories, that had antecedently decorated gold coin elsewhere ( Sutherland, 1959 ) . In 357 Philip captured Amphipolis ( Roisman, 2011, P: 38.3.B ) . This settlement was Athens. Philips authorization of the strategic control became the debate between Athens and Macedonia. Philip conceivably asseverated to retrace Athens, which Philip neer did. Athinais in bend stated war, which was neer pursued ( Roisman, 2011, P: 38.3.B ) . In 356 Philip captured the metropolis of Crenides in the Thrace and after adding to it district and colonists, Philip rename it Philippi ( Roisman, 2011, pg. 38.3.B ) . The proprietary of Philippi and Amphipolis permitted Philip to mine Ag and gold ore. This made Philip wealthy, in fact one of the wealthiest work forces in Greece. Philips Ag and gold coins in clip replaced Athenian coins. Another relevant point is that, Philip was a excessive Spender, when Philip was murdered Alexander found he inherited Philips debt. Philip learnt a batch from Epaminondas, by populating in near about to a great adult male, by detecting the effect of his character. Philip learned a lesson in the power of single will, of which his ulterior life was a consistent expounding. Epaminondas was a superb and forceful political dreamer than Pericles, Epaminondas far transcends the Athenian in the ruder filed of action . 2 Epaminondas won their obeisance by sheer laterality of will and their awestruck regard by consistent subordination of ego to their common good ( Hogarth, 1897, pg. 39 ) . Empinondas besides stands entirely in rational distinction . 3 Empinondas was an fervent student of doctrine, and a first category lector. Philip created a formidable ground forces. Philip besides introduced military service as a paid and lasting occupation. This manner the soldiers where better trained as they were non disrupted by crops and farming work this meant the ground forces was able to develop invariably. The ground forces was besides kept in one topographic point to be ready at all times ( Ashley, 2004, P: 14 ) . The sun also rises Essay SummaryThis was a hard essay to compose, as beginnings covering with Philip are limited ( Ashley, 2004, P: 74 ) . Depending on the manner you approach as it’s easy to concentrate excessively narrowly on the accomplishments of Alexander, without holding analysed the part of Philip. Briefly it can be said that in many of the books I have read about this subject, many of the chapters were occupied with inside informations of sentiments about Alexander the Great, and in that advancement his male parent King Philip of Macedonia was forgot. What a defect! Personally, I am inclined to believe that universe had non known Alexander the Great as Alexander ranked his ego above ordinary persons ( Rostovtzeff, 1926, P: 352 ) so Philip would non hold been talked about. On the other manus if it had non been for Philip, who laid most of the land work in which Alexander inherited, Alexander so he would non hold become Alexander the Great. Alexander reaped the benef it of his male parent s work non merely military ( the ground forces he had been trained to utilize ) , but through astute economic and diplomatic policy. Macedonia was a hapless district. The people lived in changeless war with everyone and each other. Philip took things into his ain custodies, as he had great political acuteness and nuance. Philip did this by making a professional ground forces, consolidating lodgers with armed metropoliss. Philip achieved this by corrupting with mintage and cunning his enemies. Philip turned silver and gold excavation to a profitable concern. Philip besides built roads and canals. The amalgamation of Macedonia was a really hard and drawn-out undertaking. Which paid off really good in the terminal. To return to an earlier point it is deserving observing that it was Philip who created the first land province in history ( Gabriel, 2010, P: 2 ) , Greece, by replacing the disused metropolis province system. Philips most formidable accomplishment was the peace of Corinth where Philip eventually united all his old antagonists, non burying Athens into one entity. The parts that lead to the ulterior accomp lishments of Alexander were the instruction of Aristotle, the ground forces Philip created including mintage and an established fatherland. Unfortunately for Alexander, he felt held back by his male parent and ever seem to populate in the shadow of his male parent which seem to haunted by this as his accomplishments insignificant to those of his male parent. Alexander and Philip competed with each in many ways emulation and bitterness as stated in Fredricksmeyer 1990. Even though I do non hold with every statement in diary of Alexander and Philip by Fredricksmeyer 1990. It s a absorbing portraiture of their relationship and gives first-class beginnings of mentions and happenings in their relationship. Alexander and Philip were both great in their ain right. If Philip had non created the ground forces he did, Alexander could non hold achieved what he did, yet Philip on the other manus could non hold achieved what Alexander did had he survived. Alexander was Philips true boy and inh eritor. It was Philips parts that laid the foundations for Alexander to go the adult male he was, for case, instruction, the ground forces and besieging warfare that Alexander inherited and an established fatherland. Notes 1 Hymnto AreTe:Athen. 15.696 B-D. Study oflliad:Plut:Alex8.2 ; 26.1-2 ; Plin. NH 7. 108 ; Strabo 13.1. 27. Memorizing lliad: Dio Ghrysostom 4.39. 2. Nepos,Epam. 4. 3.Id. , Epam. 3 ; Diod. , l.c. ,and 88. 4 From Arr. , three. 16, where the recruits ( pes ) from Macedonia are distributed into, ?a?ˆ . Cf. Curt. , v. 2. 6, where we are told that Alexander s chief invention at Susa were the abolishment of all local and national divisions throughout the ground forces. 6 Cf. Diod. , xvii. 63, 74 ; Curt. , seven. 5. 23 7 Army of Alexander indiary. Of linguistics,seventeen, No. 33, P: 14. 8 Tact.16 cited in Lendon 9 The happenstance of Polybius ( xvii. 12 ) with Polyaenus ( two. 29. 2 ) and the 2nd recension of the Tactica ( 15 ) puts this beyond uncertainty. Cf. besides Livy s comments on its unmanageable length ( xliv. 41 ) . The first recension of theTacticareads ?a?ˆ for ?a? , cut downing the length to fourteen or 16 pess: but either this is a manuscript mistake or rectification, or it is a reminiscence of the earliersarissa. 10ld.three. 11 ; six. 6. 11 Diod. , xvi. 8. Bibliography Ashley. J. 2004, The Macedonia Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander Great, 359-323 B.C. Blackwell. W. 2009,ALEXANDER THE GREAT: A New HISTORY. Blackwell. W. 2011,The Companion to Ancient Macedonia: Edited by JOSEPH ROISMAN AND IAN WORTHINGTON. Carney. E and Ogden. D. 2010,Philip II and Alexander theGreat: Fatherand Son, Lives and Afterlives ( Oxford university imperativeness ) . Curtis. K. A ; Hansen. V. 2013,Ocean trips in World History Curt. 4.6.29 ; 9.3.19 ; Arr.5.28.3 ; 7.14.4 ; Plut.Alex. 15.8-9 ; 62.5 ; 72.3 ; Diod.17.97.3 ; Ael. VH 7.8 Ameling 1988. Edmunds 1971: 363-91 ; King 1987: 1-45 ; Fredricksmeyer 1990: 304-6 ; Ameling 1988: 658-60 ; Stewart 1993:81 ; Huttner 1997: passim. Fredricksmeyer, E. A. 1990. Alexander and Philip: Emulation and Resentment. CJ 85: 300-15. Gabriel. R. 2010,Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander. Gunther. J. 2007,ALEXANDER THE GREAT. Joyer. B. 2012, Alexander: Living inside the shadow. Available at web logs @ Redobit.com posted in Bens Den ( accessed March 2015 ) . Lendon. J. E, 2006,Soldiers A ; Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity. Rostovtzeff. M. 1926,A History of the Ancient universe: The Orient and Greece. Roisman. J. 2011,Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander:The Evidence. Roisman. J. A ; Worthington. I. 2011,A comrade to Ancient Macedonia. Stewart. A. 1993,Faces of Power: Black lovage s image and Hellenic political relations. Sutherland. C.H.V. 1959, Gold its Beauty and Power and Allure Board portrayal of entreaty of gold over last 5000 old ages, Thames and Hudson London. Available at: info.goldavenue.com Accessed March 2015. Thomas. G. 2007,Alexander The Great in His World. Whibley. L. 2016, Acomrade to Greek surveies, Cambridge university imperativeness. Worthington. I. 2012,ALEXANDER THE GREAT ( A READER ) . Worthington. I. 2014, By The Spear:Alexander the Great, and the rise and autumn of the Macedonian Empire.

Politics Essays (506 words) - Anthropology, , Term Papers

Politics "The many of whom none is individually an excellent man, nevertheless can when joined together be better-not as individuals but all together-than those [who are the best], just as dinners contributed [by many] can be better than those equipped from a single expenditure." (Page 101) When it came to ruling the city, Plato believed that the best ruler would be the philosopher. That person who know what would be best for the citizens and the city as a whole. He did not trust the masses. He did not think they were capable of deciding what was best for themselves. Aristotle does not agree with Plato on this subject. He believes that when it comes to judging what is best for the city, it is better for many to decide than few. Plato believed the person that makes the decisions for the city should be educated on that matter. He believed that educating many people was impossible so in order for a city to be good, the most educated persons, such as philosophers, should rule the city. Aristotle believes that even if the masses cannot be educated or virtuous decisions made by many would be moderate. He believed that by having many people, it would rule out bad decisions. It is more likely for the many to be virtuous than the many to be beasts. He believes that is easier for a few to become corrupted than many. With only a few ruling, they could make bad decisions because something like anger or some other passion. It is hard for the many to experience this all at one time. Plato believes that the person ruling should be well educated. This person would make the best decisions for the city. What happens if the many want something that isn't best for the city? This is one of the greatest dangers in democracy. What if the many are to blinded by self-interest as individuals to realize that what they want isn't best for the city? In the US, few of us are well educated on music, but many of us judge it. I believe that sometimes that is the risk you have to take in a democracy. It is better to have many involved in judging than a few. People are going to want to decide what is best for themselves. It is human nature. In both Plato and Aristotle's cities, the citizens are educated to be virtuous. Their cities are built around the idea that the citizens are harmonious and educated. I believe that they should be given a voice. They should be trusted to decide what is best. I agree with Aristotle on the idea that many will produce a moderate decision. A city is based around the citizens. The type of place they live in is up to them, not to some higher authority. A city is not a city without citizens. If they want something that is not good for the city, than it should be their decision. They will deal with the problem when it arises. They will be must happier dealing with decision that is made by the majority of them instead of one person who is making the decisions.

buy custom Post Cold War essay

buy custom Post Cold War essay After the cold war, the United Nations peacekeeping practices have undergone many changes. During the cold war the deployments usually operated under the ideology of unbiased, non-forcible intervention with the permission of the conflicting parties. As a result, the United Nations principles have been under -increased strain with the United Nations performance coming under severe criticism. The United Nations has been seen to act to gain credibility rather than address the needs in the world. For example the United Nations assisted in fewer activities in the Bosnian war and also over involved itself with Somalia. The concern coming from peacekeeping, which arose from the experience in Somalia, has been under review, favoring new methods that try to find a stronger approach with a greater capacity for peace building (Voeten, 2005). After the cold war the first mission unequivocally labeled as a peacekeeping mission was the UN Emergency Force (UNEFI). This mission was sent to the Sinai Peninsula in rejoinder to the 1956 Suez Crisis to foresee the withdrawal of the British and Israeli forces from the Egyptian territory. As the first armed force to the UN, UNEFI was an important example for other UN missions in the future. The first mission also served as a case study for armed and neutral forces working to restrain conflict. The mission was successful in its objectives since it led to establishment of asset of principles which have served as important guidelines for future missions (Frieden, 2009). The principles derived were as follows The mission should have assent by the parties to the dispute. Avoiding the use of force except for cases of self defense; The force should comprise of intentional assistance of contingents from small, non-partisan countries. The united nation should be impartial The peacekeeping operations must be controlled by the Secretary General. During the Cold War, 13 peacekeeping operations were created. The missions one and only function was to keep an eye on borders and establish buffer zones after cease-fires agreements. From late 1980s to 1994, the peacekeeping missions undertaken worldwide dramatically increased. At the commencement of 1988, there were only five operations which were actively involved in the field, that is three in the Middle East, the Kashmir mission, and the UN Peacekeeping Force located in Cyprus (UNFICYP) (Voeten, 2005). This noteworthy increase in the number of the peacekeeping operations was accompanied by essential changes in their nature and in their composition. The single function that was associated with the UN traditional operations evolved into a variety of tasks as the variety of tasks increased, the composition of peacekeeping operations after the cold war became diverse and complex with peacekeepers being drawn from wider varieties of occupation (that is the military, civilian police and diplomats), nations and cultures. Modern peacekeeping can be fittingly characterized as bilateral, multidimensional, global and multicultural. All deployments after 1988 are redefined under new military doctrines which sought to explain the principles under which they operate. The missions after 1988 are referred to as multidimensional operations due to their wide variety of activities. As peacekeeping activities diversified notably in recent past as they strove to adapt to the new tasks and various challenges, the context and environment in which the missions are deployed have also bcome complex. Even though various exceptions such as ONUC in DRC Congo and UNIFIL in Lebanon, the peacekeeping operations created before the 1990s operated in permissive environments only where they had the permission and support of host governments (Voeten, 2005). In the 1990s, various missions have been deployed to solve internal wars or provide humanitarian assistance in complex political emergencies. In such situations the UN is forced to work under the conditions of lawlessness and violence, where militias act autonomously. In such cases the UN agencies are often opposed and confronted by the militia. This occurred as a result the United Nations principles of neutrality and the unifying role .This failure to stop loss of human lifes greatly affected the credibility of the United Nations with fewer countries willing to work with the united nations in future since they were viewed as inferior and could not contain major crisis arising. In the Somalia war the United Nations wanted to restore its lost name hence resulted to massive force. This resulted to loss of the war since the military operation was guided by sinister motives (Frieden, 2009). The United Nations has been blamed for selective involvement in various wars and only works when there is global pressure to see the United Nations prove its might in conflict resolution and peacekeeping. This has further been coupled by damning criticism that the United Nations was an institution being used by the western world to spread neocolonialism. However the United Nations remains the only organization capable of providing humanitarian aid as well as military activities in the whole world. There in the current past has been the development of the doctrines to ensure that the military involvement in humanitarian assistance was boosted. The United Nations aim is to avoid failure in protecting civilians as seen in Bosnia and Rwanda and to ensure adequate self-defense measures for peacekeeping forces and UN staff .The United Nations supporting nations resolved not to send their personnel to missions where they are inadequately equipped to handle (Voeten, 2005). Why UN was involved in some occasions not others. There have been substantial changes both in the practice and concept of United Nation (UN) peacekeeping since the end of the Cold War. Deployment during the cold war for example was based on the principles of impartial, non-forcible intervention. There had to be consent from the conflicting parties. There also had to the precondition of an agreed peace. After the cold war however, the peace keeping missions have been carried out on the context of internal wars (Sambanis, 2004). This change in tactic has subjected the UNs performance in the latest missions to severe criticism. The big question is why it would it do so little in countries like Bosnia and Darfur and so much in other countries. Why is it that some interventions are too little too late, poorly resourced, poorly executed and misconceived like in Somalia, Rwanda and Bosnia. Although such criticisms have lead to an overhaul in the UN peace keeping operations, this section seeks to establish why the UN was involved in some peace keeping operations and not others. Why we there delayed involvement in some peace keeping missions and not in others. It also seeks to point out clearly whether there are limitations as far as UN military interventions mechanisms are concerned. The overhaul of the UNs approach to peace keeping and peace keeping has made its structure to allow very little room for effective military intervention. Partly, this is because the UN does not support quick and decisive action. There are always varying innstitutional structures that do get in the way. The Security Councils permanent members for example can do undermine intervention. In addition to that, intervention is always politically costly, thus the actors especially the Veto powers have an incentive to avoid it (Bannon, 2006). A new lens through which peace keeping is viewed has also been conceived in the condos of UNs intervention strategies. This is the concept of called Responsibility to Protect. It asserts that the international community has the obligation to intervene in a state if and only if the state clearly fails to protect its citizens from mass atrocities and also when the peaceful measures are not working (Voeten, 2005). The first intervention would be in a diplomatic manner, then more coercively, and as a last resort into using military force. It is within this lens that the UN reacts to any conflict or not. It is a sort of selection bias in terms of cases that have a high number of deaths or that are ethnic or religious. The challenge is how to determine the exact point when a state has failed to protect its citizens. This explains why the UN has not reacted towards many conflicts or why it has delayed too many conflicts. This contravenes the concept of the right to intervene. Lastly, the reason why the UN does not respond to other conflicts is inadequacy of troops. The major western economies should consider contributing more troops to UN peacekeeping missions in such situations (Frieden, 2009). How they changed after that period external and Internal The mandate of peacekeeping shifted dramatically after the cold war. After the cold war the mandates and range of activities for peacekeepers expanded exponentially. The peacekeepers today help promote human rights, build government institutions, set up local police forces, and disarm former combatants. Before then, their role was limited to maintaining ceasefires and stabilizing violence in order to make diplomatic solutions more reachable. The UN peacekeeping shifted dramatically from inter-state conflicts to intra-state conflicts and civil wars in the 1990s. This is because of the ever present internal struggle for power over territorial control in many of the warring countries (Regan, 2000). Besides, under the various security systems, when disputes arise between two nations, the concerned parties are required to first seek an amicable solution by peaceful means. This is according to Chapter VI of the UN Charter on peace keeping. The peace is to be sought mainly by squaring off, concession, mediation, peaceful settlement or resort to regional agencies. The 7th chapter of the UN Charter comes into action if the peaceful means fall short and the dispute continues into an armed conflict. This chapter asserts that in the case of a menace to the peace, violation of the peace or an act of belligerence the Security Council may take relevant measures to restore peace. These measures are for all intents and purposes complete or partial economic sanctions, separation of diplomatic relations and arms embargoes (The United Nations Charter, 1945). Conclusion As there are chances that the UN is more likely to send a peacekeeping mission to a smaller and richer country, there are also chances that it is more likely to intervene in a longer and bloodier war. A selection bias would be important because in all the cases there is public outcry and international pressure for the United Nations to get involved in ending a civil war. If the UN intervention has no effect on post-conflict recovery and democratization, then the energy, money, and political resources needed to enact a UN peacekeeping mission would be better not spent. Buy custom Post Cold War essay

An Analysis of Martin Fishbeins Theory of Reasoned Action

Later on behavior appeared not to be 100% voluntary and under control, this resulted in the addition of perceived behavioral control. † Gordon Allport formulated a definition that â€Å"attitudes are learned predispositions to respond to an object or class of objects in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way. † In other words, an attitude is a person’s overall evaluation of a concept. The theory of reasoned action, stated by Ajzen and Fishbein, suggests that if a person intends to carry out a behavior, it is likely that they will do so. Attitudes are always weighted by evaluations of a person’s beliefs. Another example, which highlights peoples beliefs, relates to sports; Sports may be good for one’s health, Sports may be time consuming, Sports may be a strain and uncomfortable. All of these beliefs are weighted. Henry Assael (1983) agreed with the theories and stated how these ‘attitudes’ can be used to predict consumer behavior. The marketing strategy looks at predicting consumer behavior, and attitudes are key in order for a firm to help predict consumer’s behavior. This therefore gives the firm a competitive advantage over their rivals. Thus, Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory is very feasible and can be applied to everyday life. The idea however, was rejected by Sheppard et al. (1988), who made several limiting conditions that proved the idea was false. The distinction was made between a goal intention and a behavioral intention. Goal intentions would look into the long term, for example, getting into the rugby team. A behavior would be attending training. Sheppard also looked at the availability of alternatives and opportunity cost. Choice had an impact on the TRA theory, as it may alter the performance of a certain behavior. Finally he stated that there are times when there is a significant different between what a person intends to do, and what he/she is expected to do. Subjective norm does not account for individual differences. Some people may choose not to consult parents or friends about their decision to carry out a behavior. There are numerous individuals who will feel more comfortable making decisions without their family or peer group, and there are also people who may find it impossible to make a decision about ‘giving up alcohol’ without discussing it with others. Subjective norm therefore may not be as feasible as evaluation of outcome. This process requires the individual to make his/her own assumptions and attitudes about the behavior, and this process is nearly almost carried about by everyone. Not all parts of the theory are essential in the process one makes to carry out a behavior. The ‘Belief in strength of outcome’ and ‘evaluation of outcome’ are the two most important aspects. In the conscious mind, these are the two significant processes that usually occur. People, who are considering drinking alcohol on a night out, will only usually consider the pros and cons of that decision. It is rare for individuals to take matters even further and consult friends or parents about the matter. Subjective norm therefore is usually canceled out in low involving decisions like drinking alcohol. ‘Intention’ may also play a limiting role in the decision to drink alcohol. Behavioral upbringing may have a contributing effect, however the decision usually relates to the situation in which that person is, for example, on a night out, or having dinner at home. The person may be more inclined to drink alcohol on a night out, and may choose to have a soft drink with dinner. Individuals usually take into consideration the time and place, and don’t depend as much on the norms of their upbringing. Hale et al. (2003), backs up this idea, that the TRA excludes a wide range of behaviors such as spontaneity, cravings and habits, and states that â€Å"engaging in these behaviors might not involve a conscious decision on the part of the actor. † To conclude, the theory lacks external reliability, as some behaviors are not used to produce an outcome. However Fishbein and Ajzen created a theory, which can be applied to purchasing behavior of consumers, and thus can be applied to everyday life. 2. Do you think that consumers approach the purchase of products in the seemingly reasoned way outlined above? Give examples to illustrate your thoughts. Many consumers will use the processes outline by Fishbein and Ajzen when purchasing a high involvement product that takes careful thought. However consumers will sometimes use impulse buying for the purchase of products. â€Å"Impulse buying: Spur of the moment, unplanned decision to buy, made just before a purchase. Research findings suggest that emotions and feelings play a decisive role in purchasing, triggered by seeing the product or upon exposure to a well-crafted promotional message. † Impulse buying therefore cancels out behaviors such as evaluation of outcome and subjective norm. A second reason why this theory does not account for all consumer purchases, relates to operant conditioning. This method of learning occurs through rewards and punishments for a certain behavior. Through this process, an association is created between the behavior and a consequence of it. For example; if a chocolate bar goes on offer and has a discount of 50%, a consumer is more than likely to purchase this item. Once a positive association is created with the chocolate, the consumer will more than likely purchase it again. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences (1953). Classical conditioning, which was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, suggested that it’s a learning process, which occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus, is something, which triggers a response. In Pavlov’s experiments, his dogs smelt food and the result was salivation. This then produced an unconditioned response, which is an unlearnt response to the unconditioned stimulus. The smell of food would either produce salivation or the feeling of being hungry.

What is Federalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Federalism - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that these great United States were founded on the idealism and dreams of a people who dreamed of a federal society governed by the rules of freedom and democracy. The present research has identified that we live in times when the sacrifices of our forefathers helped to shape the nation that has nurtured and protected our forebears and will hopefully, also be called home by our successors. Yet for all the dreams and aspirations that we have as a nation, for all the history that helped to create the United States of America, we know very little about the federal form of government that governs our existence. The author has rightly presented that we acknowledge the fact that our country has been run under a federal system of government for over 200 years. It is a system of governance that works for the American people because it has its basis deeply rooted within our lawful constitution and has continued to evolve with the changing times that our country goes through. Yet it is highly doubtful that the average American will know what federalism is all about and how it functions in terms of governance of our country. It was Roche who explained that â€Å"federal ­ism refers to the division of au ­thority and function between and among the national government and the various state governments. But it has come to possess a wider meaning in American political his ­tory†.

Interdependence of subject matter and method in social studies Essay

Interdependence of subject matter and method in social studies - Essay Example The link between the content and the method in Social Studies is vital in ensuring that the goals of teaching are achieved (Thornton, 2005). Through the method, the educators can manipulate the curriculum which is the content. This, therefore, involves planning that confines the educators to the selected content not outside what had been planned (Thornton, 2005). A good example in a Social Studies class is the educator focusing on the role of technology in the society using the role play method. This confines the educator to the selected content as well as the method selected. Social Studies, as indicated by Thornton (2005), involves connection between the content and the personal experience. In this case, methodology of teaching and the content have to be interrelated if the learners have to attain personal fulfilment. Zevin (2013) says that this will also ensure that the learners engage in the activities in the learning process. For instance a study of the culture of the Asians will need content on the Asians lifestyle and method of teaching that will create interest in the